Petroleum Reserves,
Production Capabilities and BBM Consumption
Rate in Indonesia
(Fulled
to complete the Environtment Sciense assigment)
Created By:
1.
Wontin Muyassaroh (110210153005)
2.
Yuly Dian Nur Fajariyah (110210153009)
BIOLOGY
EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
AND SCIENCE EDUCATION
FACULTY TEACHER
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
JEMBER UNIVERSITY
2012
FOREWORD
Thanks to the presence of Allah SWT prayeth author, who upon his mercy, and also our parents so the writer can complete the preparation of the scientific research work entitled " PETROLEUM RESERVES, PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES AND BBM CONSUMPTION RATE IN INDONESIA ". Writing a research report is one of the tasks and requirements to complete the final semester of the Basic Of Biology of Jember University.
In writing this paper
the author feels there are still many
shortcomings both in technical writing
and material. To that criticism and suggestions from all parties is
the author of hope for the consummation of
this report.
In writing this paper the
author expressed his gratitude to
the countless parties who assist in completing this
research, in particular to:
1.
Drs. Wachju Subchan, M.S.,
P.h.D. and Prof. Dr. Joko Waluyo M.Si as a lecturer in Environment Science that has guided us in completing
this paper.
2.
In particular the authors would like to thank loved ones who have
provided encouragement and
assistance and understanding of
the authors, both
during the lectures and in completing this
report
3.
All parties that can not be mentioned one by one, which has
provided assistance in the
writing of this report.
Finally, the author hopes may Allah reward
in kind to those who have provided assistance, and can make all
this aid as worship, Amiin Yaa Robbal
'alamiin.
Jember, 21 May 2012
Author
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
The energy crisis is one of the main problems facing the nation Indonesia.
Fossil energy resources in the form of petroleum, natural gas and coal that had been used
to fulfill the everyday needs - a good day for household use or for industrial and
transportation are running
low along with increasing time. While
from graphic data of source consumsy in 1970 until 2002 showing that energy requirements have to fulled by society has increase from year
to year especially in energy source namely petroleum.
Fossil energy resource is energy that can’t to refurbished (unrenewable energy) or can’t back get
after used, so predicted in several years letter availability
of energy resources will be depleted in nature.
According to estimates, the coal will be
exhausted in 50 years, natural gas in 30 years
and 11 years of petroleum. The limited means of satisfying human needs in this case is
the source of fossil energy whereas many of the needs
of humanity and should be fulfilled course will cause the long queue in front of SPBU that allow the
emergence of anarchic acts in the society, because the scramble to obtain scarce
fuel available for the necessities of life, uneven fuel distribution,
of problems of criminality by persons who utilize this situation for
personal gain by hoarding BBM and others.
1.2 Formulation Of The Problems
1.2.1 What is
the problem of energy source in Indonesia?
1.2.2 How to
solve the problems?
1.2.3 What is
the impact of the problems?
1.3
The Aim
1.3.1 To know
the problems of energy source in Indonesia
1.3.2 To know
how the way to solve the problems
1.3.3 To know
the impact of the problems
CHAPTER 2
DICUSSION
2.1 The
Problem Of Energy Source In Indonesia
Indonesia has
many kind of new energy resources
fossil energy or renewable
energy. Energy resources fossil
that consist of petroleum, natural gas,
and coal, the
relatively are very limited. Proven reserves of petroleum in 2005 about
4.2 billion barrels
and with the level of oil production is currently about 500 million barrels, The reserves in less than 10 years will be completely used. The reserves proven natural gas that only
about 97 TCF per year production rate
of 82.9 TCF
will be exhausted in 30 years. The reserves
proven coal of about 5 billion tons by the year 2002
production level of about 100 million tonnes
will only be used
for 50 years. Renewable energy potential is quite good, such as water
power of 75 thousand MW that now only used for 4200
MW, proved reserves for 2300
MW of geothermal energy is currently only used about
800 MW, in addition biomass, solar,
wind and other energy
resources that are need to be accounted.
As a developing
country Indonesia is predicted
(between 2006 to 2030) had an average growth
rate of around 6% per year. To achieve
the economic growth, energy requirements is predicted to rise
to 4-fold from 815 million SBM (Setara
Baret Minyak) in 2005 became 3629 million in 2030 SBM.
Transportation as the third largest energy
user in 2005 at the rate of
increase of 9% per
year, in 2030 became the largest user. Industrial sector which is the largest
user of fossil energy
in 2006, in 2030 will drop that
second place with
a growth rate of 6% per year. The second sector is
the dominant use of
fuel oil as the fuel, so the supplies needs to be guaranteed that the growth of national development is not disrupted. Therefore, ethanol, or bio-oil. Food is another source of energy can be conserved into biofuel.
National
energy issues are
being hotly debated in national and global scale,
in principle, can be grouped into 3 (three) aspects: social, economic and environmental. social aspect concerns such as energy
infrastructure that still limited, the energy consumption
per capita that still
low compared with other
countries, electrification ratio that
still low (59%), and
the electricity crisis
in some areas,
particularly outside Java-Madura-Bali
Economic aspects
of the main problems include growth
and high energy intensity, imbalance between energy supply
and demand, dependence on petroleum products that still high, low energy prices and
subsidies that continue to increase, limitation of petroleum resources and the reserve source of alternative
energy that is
large enough but not much developed (EBT), and limited funding for the development of energy sector and while
it is less energy sector business climate to
attract private investors in the
domestic and foreign.
The third aspect
is the environmental aspects are environmental
problems caused by the high dependence on
fossil fuel usage, either locally-health (pollutant substances)
and globally as global
warming due to greenhouse
gases, acid rain and ozone layer destruction.
v The Need For Energy and Consumer
Until now, this is still happening maze of
information from the media,
government institutions and LSM on
the national production capacity compared to the national fuel demand. Level requirements of fuel oil
(BBM) in Indonesia
has now reached more than 1.3 million
barrels per day,
while national oil production is only 950
barrels per day, due to increase national energy request
continues to rise causing the government subsidies covered is higher. Therefore, the government
campaign to so that people can continue to save on
BBM consumption. Java-Bali is located on the
first use of BBM, that as many as 57 percent of total national BBM usage so that the basis for the
government to implement the declaration of the National BBM Efficient Movement.
Final energy consumption
of Indonesia in 2006 (Statistics
DJLPE, 2006) which
amounted to 526.142 million SBM is dominated by industrial sector (40.6%), then a row followed by the
transportation sector (38%) and household and commercial (21.4%).
Tabel 1. Final
Energy Consumption Persector 2006
Sector
|
Final Energy Consumption (Thousand SBM)
|
Industry
|
213.692
|
Transportation
|
199.613
|
Household & Commercial
|
112.837
|
Total
|
526.142
|
Source: Statistik DJLPE, 2006.
To Indonesia with energy consumption continues
to increase along with population growth and economic development, the carbon emissions from the energy sector will continue to
rise. Strategy to
reduce carbon emissions from the energy sector the most optimal scenario is to use a Presidential
Regulation No.5/2006 which include the diversification and conservation of
energy. With this scenario, the
resulting reduction in emissions by 17% in 2025, the cumulative cost of U.S. $ 53 billion or 0.4% of cumulative GDP from 2006 to 2025 (Draft Technology Need Assessment, 2008). Other scenarios have been considered by simulation (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS, maximization geothermal and nuclear), but in terms of cost and benefit seems difficult to realize.
Alternative energy problem is
currently a lively debate in the public. Crisis of fuel oil (BBM)
currently has inspired the public that
Indonesia is is very
dependent on petroleum, because seen from the land
surface and the relatively fertile soil, with the. biodiversity that
have waste, then Indonesia has the potential to develop fuel from plants or
biofuels, which is a suitable alternative energy in Indonesia
Alternative energy biofuels that can be
updated to strengthen the availability of fuel, but it is also
environmentally friendly biofuels that can increase the air
quality in several major
cities in Indonesia. Thus, to develop this type of fuel to the harmonious cooperation of all parties, including governments,
private industry and the automotive.
2.2
To
Solve The Problems
Many ways that can be used to solve
the BBM problems one of which is to develop the biofuel
industry to produce
biodiesel and bioethanol. The role of the industry is increasingly important given the current conditions and fluctuating crude
oil prices tend to rise and the limited availability. Conditions and BBM
shortages that now occurring
should be the momentum for the government to set
up policies that support usage
biodiesel and bioethanol
Biofuel is
fuel derived from vegetable oils, either biodiesel, bioethanol, or bio-oil. Biodiesel in its chemical elements
are alkyl esters
(methyl, ethyl, isopropyl,
and the like) derived
from fatty acids,
usually biodiesel produced from palm oil, jatropha oil,
etc.. Biodiesel is generally made through a metabolic reaction
or etanolisis oils
of vegetable or animal fats with alcohols (methanol/ethanol). Because physical and chemical properties similar to the
alternative BBM that has huge potential to meet
most needs of Diesel BBM.
Biodiesel made
from vegetable oils such as palm
oil, coconut, castor, and so on. While bioethanol is
made from materials such as
sugary or starchy
molasses, sorghum sap, palm sap, cassava, sweet potatoes, and other plant. The role of these two types
of alternative fuels in the future it will
be very important in overcoming
the problems the energy crisis
in Indonesia. In addition to supporting
the clean development mechanism, as proclaimed in the
Kyoto Protocol, the use of
biofuels will also boost the economy of Indonesia.
If the reduction
of 720 thousand kilo liters of imported Solar
to biodiesel replaced
implemented, it will need at least 200 thousand hectares of
land and plantations will absorb as much as
65 thousand people working in plantations
and five thousand
people in the factory. With assuming diesel prices 30 cents
per liter, foreign
exchange amounting to 216 million U.S. dollars (USD
2 trillion) will be saved.
While for
bioethanol, if 2 percent
of consumption premium distribution with ethanol, it will need approximately 420 kiloliters of bioethanol.
This will require approximately 2.5 million
cassava produced from 90 thousand
hectares of gardens and will provide
employment as many as
650 thousand people in the plantation and a
thousand people at the factory. So, foreign exchange amounting to U.S. $ 126 million
(Rp 1.16 trillion)
will be saved from
the reduction of import premium, assuming the price of imported premium 30
U.S. cents per liter.
Bioethanol characteristics are as follows::
1. Has a high octane number
2. Can decreasae the level of
smoke, particulate matter emissions that endanger the health and emissions of CO
and CO2
3. Similar to gasoline, so its use not need engine modifications
4. Does not contain lead compounds
The use of biodiesel
as an alternative fuel will be giving a lot for the
nation benefitas. Moreover, biological resources in Indonesia are so
abundant and so will not run out of raw materials. Types of renewable energy has energy resources that are naturally can not exhausted and be continuing if managed properly. For example, geothermal, biofuel, river flow, thermal solar, wind, ocean waves, ocean depth and temperature. As is known, biofuels derived from vegetable
oils such as palm oil or palm oil (Crude Oil Palam) and castor oil or CJCO tree (Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil), biogas can be produced from the
fermentation of animal waste,
human and other plants like water
hyacinth weed, kayambang, etc..
Great potential of
agricultural resources to support the demand for energy (biogas, biofuel, biodiesel),
for the purpose of conservation and environmental sustainability (composting,
bio-fertilizer,
bio-urine and for the primary purpose
of food security (food security) itself. Because food and energy becomes a critical issue on a global scale, agricultural development should be accelerated to achieve that purpose while conserving environmental conditions.
Agricultural resources that consist of food (crop) agricultural waste and animal waste can
be used for various purposes. Agricultural waste and animal waste can
be processed into organic fertilizer or compost is very useful for increase the soil fertility and keep the existence of water for plants because organic material increase
the in water retention capacity soil (soil water holding capacity). Animal waste also has the potential to produce biogas that is developed is an alternative energy.
As a liquid fuel, biodiesel is very easy to
use and can be directly incorporated into the diesel engine without the need to modify the engine. Also, it can be mixed with diesel to produce biodiesel mixture that her higher cetane. Using biodiesel can be a solution for Indonesia to reduce dependence on imported diesel fuel by 39.7%. Biodiesel also has proven environmentally friendly because it not contains of sulfur.
If Biodiesel has many
similarities with diesel BBM, another case with
bioethanol. Bioetanol has many similarities with gasoline. Bioethanol is produced from plant vegetable sources of sugary, or starchy like molasses, palm sugar, sorghum, palm sap, cassava, sweet
potato and others.
As one of the alternative fuel, ethanol portion of gasohol with up to 20 percent can be
directly used in automotive engines made gasoline without causing technical problems and are environmentally friendly. Levels of carbon monoxide (CO) from the test
results at 2500 rpm, for 20% gasohol recorded 0.76% CO gas, while the premium reached 3.66% and Pertamax is
2.85%.
2.3
The
Impact Of The Problems
In Indonesia, the
Earth is treated much oils used as fuel oil, which is one type of fuel used extensively in the era of industrialization. In Indonesia, oil prices often increase due to
the reason that the government wanted to to reduce subsidies.
The purpose of these reductions is said that the funds previously used for subsidies can be transferred to other things like education and infrastructure
development. On the other hand, the increase is often triggered the rise in the price of other
items such as consumer items, basic food and electricity tariffs could also be that always opposed by the public.
On March 2012, the
consumption of subsidized
fuel reached 3.784 million kiloliters. Meanwhile, in February, BBM consumption is only 3.413 million kiloliters. But, the consumption rate were just the data submitted subsidized BBM distributor and not through the verification of BPH Migas. In
addition, there are
differences in the number of
days that reached 31 in March and February only 28 so that
people buy too much for fear of shortages ahead of price increases and
some there are also hoarding action for commercial
purposes. BPH Migas will continue to intensify supervision following the distribution
of subsidized fuel prices to the economic disparity continues to expand.
Another effect that can be seen due to lack of availability of BBM in Indonesia, namely usage motor vehicles more increase.
These factors occur because the
cheapening of the price of motor vehicles in Indonesia. Consumer demand also increased. So many consumers of public transport users to switch to a
motor vehicle. Generally, public transport users to switch to
public transport because cheaper and faster instead of using public
transport. But generally they do not know anything about the
impact of the increasing use of motor vehicles.
Next the existence of competition with foreign oil companies to Indonesia. There
are so many foreign oil companies that stand in Indonesia.
Though Indonesia has only 35 oil fields. While foreign companies reached 141 oil fields. Worse,
many consumers Indonesia are becoming interested in foreign companies.
CHAPTER 3 CLOSSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
3.1.1 Indonesia has many kinds of new energy resources fossil
energy or renewable energy. Energy resources fossil
that consist of petroleum, natural gas,
and coal, the
relatively are very limited. Proven reserves of
petroleum in 2005 about 4.2 billion
barrels and with
the level of oil production is
currently about 500 million
barrels.
3.1.2
Level requirements of fuel oil
(BBM) in Indonesia
has now reached more than 1.3 million
barrels every day,
while national oil production is only 950
barrels every day, due to increase
national energy request
continues to rise causing the government subsidies covered is higher.
3.1.3
Many ways that can
be used to solve
the BBM problems one of which is to develop the biofuel
industry to produce
biodiesel and bioethanol. Conditions and BBM shortages that
now occurring should be the momentum for the government to set up policies that
support usage biodiesel and bioethanol.
3.1.4
Impact that can be seen due to lack of availability of BBM in Indonesia, namely usage motor vehicles more increase.
These factors occur because the
cheapening of the price of motor vehicles in Indonesia. Generally, public transport users to switch to public
transport because cheaevery and faster instead of
using public transport
without knowing those impact.
3.2 SUGESSTION
Government
should be able to manage fuel wisely and correctly so that Indonesia could be a
modern country such as other countries. Also began to instill awareness to the Indonesian people to start saving
BBM.
REFERENCES
Dewi,
Inayah. 2009. Pemanfaatan Gas. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia
Firdaus, Ibrahim.2009. Migas Dalam Kancah
Geopolitik Internasional. Jakarta: Erlangga
Munawir, Wahyudin.2007.
Konversi Minyak Tanah ke Elpiji.
Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.
Fauzi,
Muhammad.2007.Tender Kompor Gas Diduga
Salahi Kepres. Available
at:http://www.mediaindonesia.com [diakses tanggal 19 Mei 2012]
Santoso, Tri
Wibowo.2007. Pengurangan Pasokan Minyak Harus Bertahap. Available at: http://www.beritavhrnews.com [diakses
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